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1.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 19(4): e210095, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1351165

ABSTRACT

Recent studies in eastern Amazon coastal drainages and their surroundings have revealed new fish species that sometimes exhibit little morphological differentiation (cryptic species). Thus, we used a DNA-based species delimitation approach to test if populations showing the morphotype and typical character states of the Aphyocharax avary holotype correspond either to A. avary or A. brevicaudatus, two known species from the region, or if they form independent lineages, indicating cryptic speciation. WP and GMYC analyses recovered five lineages (species) in the ingroup, while a bPTP analysis delimited three lineages. ABGD analyses produced two possible results: one corroborating the WP and GMYC methods and another corroborating the bPTP method. All methods indicate undescribed cryptic species in the region and show variation from at least 1 to 4 species in the ingroup, depending on the approach, corroborating previous studies, and revealing this region as a possible hotspot for discovering undescribed fish species.(AU)


Estudos recentes nas drenagens costeiras da Amazônia oriental e seus arredores revelaram novas espécies de peixes que às vezes exibem pouca diferenciação morfológica (espécies crípticas). Assim, usamos uma abordagem de delimitação de espécies baseada em DNA para testar se as populações que apresentam o morfotipo e os estados de caráter típicos do holótipo Aphyocharax avary correspondem a A. avary ou A. brevicaudatus, duas espécies conhecidas da região, ou se formam linhagens independentes, indicando especiação críptica. As análises de WP e GMYC recuperaram cinco linhagens (espécies) no grupo interno, enquanto uma análise de bPTP delimitou três linhagens. As análises ABGD produziram dois resultados possíveis: um corroborando os métodos WP e GMYC e outro corroborando o método bPTP. Todos os métodos indicam espécies crípticas não descritas na região e apresentam variação de pelo menos uma a quatro espécies no grupo interno, dependendo da abordagem, corroborando estudos anteriores, e revelando esta região como um possível "hotspot" para descoberta de espécies de peixes não descritas.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , DNA , Amazonian Ecosystem , Characidae , Rivers/microbiology , Genetic Speciation
2.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 48(supl.1): 4-11, 2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-748366

ABSTRACT

In Brazil, more than 99% of malaria cases are reported in the Amazon, and the State of Amazonas accounts for 40% of this total. However, the accumulated experience and challenges in controlling malaria in this region in recent decades have not been reported. Throughout the first economic cycle during the rubber boom (1879 to 1912), malaria was recorded in the entire state, with the highest incidence in the villages near the Madeira River in the Southern part of the State of Amazonas. In the 1970s, during the second economic development cycle, the economy turned to the industrial sector and demanded a large labor force, resulting in a large migratory influx to the capital Manaus. Over time, a gradual increase in malaria transmission was observed in peri-urban areas. In the 1990s, the stimulation of agroforestry, particularly fish farming, led to the formation of permanent Anopheline breeding sites and increased malaria in settlements. The estimation of environmental impacts and the planning of measures to mitigate them, as seen in the construction of the Coari-Manaus gas pipeline, proved effective. Considering the changes occurred since the Amsterdam Conference in 1992, disease control has been based on early diagnosis and treatment, but the development of parasites that are resistant to major antimalarial drugs in Brazilian Amazon has posed a new challenge. Despite the decreased lethality and the gradual decrease in the number of malaria cases, disease elimination, which should be associated with government programs for economic development in the region, continues to be a challenge.


Subject(s)
Animals , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Genetic Speciation , Genetic Variation , Ruminants/classification , Ruminants/genetics , Evolution, Molecular , Genetics, Population , Genome, Mitochondrial , Karyotype , Mitochondria/genetics , Phylogeny , Translocation, Genetic
3.
Córdoba; s.n; 2015. 168 p. ilus.
Thesis in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-831446

ABSTRACT

Las infecciones zoonóticas son una creciente amenaza para la salud mundial. Las neumonías atípicas son causadas frecuentemente por patógenos zoonóticos como por ejemplo Chlamydia; sin embargo, varias de estas especies bacterianas y sus implicancias son aún poco conocidas. El objetivo del estudio fue profundizar en el conocimiento eco-epidemiológico de las especies de Chlamydia de importancia médico-veterinaria presentes en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Para tal fin, se implementaron técnicas serológicas y moleculares para la detección, cuantificación y caracterización genética de Chlamydia en un amplio rango de muestras humanas [individuos sanos (n=314), individuos con nexo epidemiológico asociado a psitacosis (n=44) y animales [aves silvestres (n=505), aves en cautiverio (n=288), reptiles (n=30), equinos (n=30)]. La especie de Chlamydia más frecuentemente detectada en humanos fue C. pneumoniae, seguida de C. pecorum y C. psittaci. También se detectaron co-infecciones. Este hallazgo no pudo asociarse al sexo, edad, cuadros clínicos específicos, patrón estacional, ni especie aviar de contacto. Sin embargo, la neumonía atípica fue el cuadro clínico más fuertemente asociado al hallazgo de estos agentes y las infecciones mixtas estuvieron asociadas a mayor cuantificación bacteriana y a una exacerbación del cuadro clínico, llevando a la hospitalización de los pacientes, quienes requirieron cuidados intensivos.


SUMMARY: Zoonotic infections are a growing threat to global health. Atypical pneumonias are often caused by zoonotic pathogens such as Chlamydia. However; very little is known about chlamydial infections and their implications in our region The aim of this study was to enhance the eco-epidemiological knowledge of Chlamydia species in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. Serological and molecular techniques were implemented for the detection, quantification and genetic characterization of Chlamydia from a wide range of human samples [healthy individuals (n = 314) and individuals with suspected human psittacosis (n = 44) as well as animal samples [wild birds (n = 505), captive birds (n = 288), reptiles (n = 30), horses (n = 30)]. C. pneumoniae was the most frequently detected species in humans, followed by C. psittaci and C. pecorum. Co-infections were also detected. We did not find associated with sex, age, specific clinical conditions, seasonal pattern, or avian contact. However, atypical pneumonia was the main clinical manifestation associated with these agents. Mixed infections were associated with increased DNA quantification and an exacerbation of clinical symptoms, leading to hospitalization of patients who required intensive care.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Chlamydophila pneumoniae , Chlamydophila psittaci , Evolution, Molecular , Genetic Speciation , Impacts of Polution on Health , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Argentina/epidemiology
4.
São Paulo; s.n; 2014. 88 p. tab, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-756283

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium abscessus é a espécie entre as micobactérias de crescimento rápido (MCR) mais comum como agente etiológico de doença pulmonar, apresentando elevada resistência aos antibióticos utilizados no tratamento. É uma das espécies mais frequentes isoladas, sendo responsável por 80% das infecções pulmonares causadas por MCR. Alguns estudos relataram resistência adquirida e induzida a claritromicina, um dos principais fármacos utilizados no tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os isolados do grupo M. abscessus quanto ao perfil de resistência a claritromicina de pacientes do Estado de São Paulo, isolados no período de 2010 a 2011, pelo padrão de mutação nos genes erm(41) e rrl. Foram incluídos no estudo os isolados identificados como M. abscessus tipo 1 e tipo 2 pela técnica PRA-hsp65 na rotina diagnóstica do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. A confirmação da espécie foi realizada pelo sequenciamento do gene rpoB. O teste de suscetibilidade a claritromicina foi realizado de acordo com as recomendações do CLSI (2011) e com incubação estendida por 14 dias com leituras nos dias 5, 7 e 10. A préincubação dos isolados com 0,01 e 0,1ug/ml de claritromicina foi testada para verificar se uma incubação prévia era capaz de induzir a resistência. O perfilgenético dos isolados foi obtido por meio do sequenciamento dos genes rrl e erm(41). Foram selecionados 151 isolados, mas somente 135 foram viáveis para análise. Destes, 78 eram M. abscessus tipo 1 e 57 tipo 2. Dos isolados M. abscessus tipo 1, todos foram identificados como “M. abscessus” pelo sequenciamento do gene rpoB, e daqueles identificados como tipo 2, dois foram identificados como “M. abscessus”, 27 “M. massiliense”, 27 “M. bolletii” e um M. porcinum, este último, excluído da análise. O CIM foi padronizado para ser lidocom o corante vital resazurina, apresentando elevado valor de correlação com a leitura visual (93,3%). No CIM com leitura em 14 dias, 10 isolados de “M. abscessus” foram sensíveis...


Mycobacterium abscessus is the most common etiological agent of pulmonary disease among the rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM), exhibiting high resistance to the antibiotics used in the treatment. It is one of the most frequently isolated species, accounting for 80% of lung infections caused by RGM. Some studies reported acquired and induced resistance to clarithromycin, a major drug used in the treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize M. abscessus isolates according to the clarithromycin resistance profile from patients of the State of São Paulo, isolated in the period from 2010 to 2011, by mutations patterns in the erm(41) and rrl genes. Isolates identified as M. abscessus type 1 and type 2 by PRA-hsp65 technique for the routine diagnosisat Institute Adolfo Lutz were included in the study. Species confirmation was performed by rpoB gene sequencing. The clarithromycin susceptibility test was performed according to the CLSI recommendations (2011), and with extendedincubation for 14 days with readings on days 5, 7, and 10. Pre-incubation of the isolates with 0.01 and 0.1µg/ml of clarithromycin was tested to verify if the preincubation could induce resistance. The genetic profile of the isolates was obtained by sequencing rrl and erm(41) genes. We selected 151 isolates, but only 135 were viable for analysis. Of these, 78 were M. abscessus type 1 and 57type 2. The isolates M. abscessus type 1, all were identified as “M. abscessus” by sequencing the rpoB gene, and among those identified as type 2, two were identified as “M. abscessus”, 27 “M. massiliense”, 27 “M. bolletii” and one M. porcinum, the last being excluded from the analysis. The MIC was standardized to be read with the vital dye resazurin, showing high correlation value with visual readings (93.3%). In MIC with readings after 14 days, 10 isolates of “M. abscessus” were susceptible (S), 64 with inducible resistance (IR) and four 10 resistant (R). Among “M. bolletii” isolates, five...


Subject(s)
Clarithromycin , Genetic Speciation , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria , Drug Resistance , Brazil
5.
Repert. med. cir ; 22(3): 177-185, 2013.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-795636

ABSTRACT

La Bordetella pertussis es un reconocido patógeno gram negativo relacionado con enfermedad respiratoria aguda en la especie humana. Cada día hay un mayor reporte de cuadros infecciosos producidos por otras bacterias del género Bordetella. Los modelos teóricos actuales y la evidencia científica en relación con la evolución de las distintas bacterias del género, han abierto nuevas posibilidades de comprensión para descifrar los paradigmas en especiación bacteriana, así como los factores genéticos y genómicos involucrados en tal proceso. El objetivo de este artículo es explorar la genética, la genómica y los hallazgos en filogénesis del género Bordetella y difundir el conocimiento actual en relación con el papel nosológico para la salud humana de los nuevos patógenos del grupo...


Bordetella pertussis is a well known Gram-negative organism that causes acute respiratory disease in humans. There is a trend of an increase in reported cases of infections caused by other bacteria of the Bordetella genus. Current theoretical models and scientific evidence related to the evolution of the various species of this genus have open new possibilities of understanding to solve the paradigms of bacterial speciation, as well as, the genetic and genomic factors involved in such process. The main objective of this article is to explore Bordetella genus genetics, genomics and phylogenetic findings and extend current knowledge on the role of the new strains of this group as human pathogens...


Subject(s)
Humans , Bordetella pertussis , Genetic Speciation , Microbiology , Whooping Cough
6.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 108(supl.1): 74-79, 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-697834

ABSTRACT

In this review, we analyse the impact of a population and evolutionary genetics approach on the study of insect behaviour. Our attention is focused on the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and several other insect species. In particular, we explore the relationship between rhythmic behaviours and the molecular evolution of clock and ion channel genes.


Subject(s)
Animals , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Circadian Clocks/genetics , Drosophila melanogaster/genetics , Evolution, Molecular , Genetics, Population , CLOCK Proteins/genetics , Drosophila/genetics , Genetic Speciation , Ion Channels/genetics , Period Circadian Proteins/genetics , Psychodidae/genetics , Sexual Behavior, Animal , Temperature , Transgenes/genetics
7.
Rev. biol. trop ; 58(4): 1261-1270, dic. 2010. ilus, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-637999

ABSTRACT

The phenotypic structure within and between plant populations is generally influenced by their distribution patterns in space and time; therefore, the study of their divergence is a central issue for the understanding of their microevolutive processes. We boarded the hypothesis that three populations of Espeletia pycnophylla show phenotypic divergence as one of the possible implications of their geographic isolation in the Southern Colombian Andes. We used the Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (leaf shape) and traditional leaf morphometry (leaf size) of 347 leaves to measure inter and intra-population variation and a comparison between a paleogeographic reconstruction with an actual estimate of the distribution areas of E. pycnophylla in order to identify their main changes during the last 14 000 years. The three populations showed significant differences in leaf morphometry and a positive correlation between the matrices of morphometric and geographic dissimilarities, indicating that the inter-population divergence increases between further populations, so that the morphometric structure reflects their spatial distribution. The geographical and paleogeographical estimates evidenced a conspicuous process of reduction and fragmentation of the distribution area of E. pycnophylla since the Late-Glacial until the Holocene. We suggest that these results support possible scenarios of vicariance events, which allow us to approach the divergence of these populations in terms of their historic biogeographic relations. However, genetic analyses are still needed to support these results. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1261-1270. Epub 2010 December 01.


La estructuración fenotípica entre y dentro de poblaciones vegetales responde generalmente a sus patrones de distribución espacio-temporales, por lo tanto, el estudio de su divergencia es un tema central dentro de sus procesos microevolutivos. En esta investigación abordamos la hipótesis que tres poblaciones de Espeletia pycnophylla presentan divergencia fenotípica como uno de los posibles efectos de su aislamiento geográfico en los Paramos del suroeste de Colombia. Utilizamos los Descriptores Elípticos de Fourier (forma foliar) de 117 hojas y algunas medidas morfológicas tradicionales (tamaño foliar) como indicadores de la variación intra e inter-poblacional, además de una comparación entre una reconstrucción paleogeográfica con una estimación del área de distribución actual de la especie para identificar sus principales cambios durante los últimos 14 000 años. Todas las poblaciones mostraron diferencias significativas y además, existió una correlación positiva entre las matrices de disimilitud morfométrica y geográfica, indicando que la divergencia incrementa entre poblaciones lejanas. Paralelamente, las estimaciones geográficas y paleogeográficas evidenciaron un proceso de reducción y fragmentación del área de distribución de E. pycnophylla desde el Tardiglacial hasta el Holoceno. Sugerimos que ambos resultados apoyan escenarios de posibles series de eventos de vicarianza para las poblaciones estudiadas y nos permiten entender su divergencia en términos de sus relaciones biogeográficas históricas.


Subject(s)
Asteraceae/anatomy & histology , Asteraceae/genetics , Genetic Speciation , Genetic Variation , Asteraceae/classification , Colombia , Ecuador , Genetics, Population , Geography , Phenotype
9.
Int. j. morphol ; 27(2): 333-354, June 2009. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-563078

ABSTRACT

The Weberian apparatus is essentially a mechanical device improving audition, consisting of a double chain of ossicles joining the air bladder to the inner ear. Despite being one of the most notable complex systems of teleost fishes and the subject of several comparative, developmental and functional studies, there is still much controversy concerning the origin, evolution and homologies of the structures forming this apparatus. In this paper I provide a new insight on these topics, which takes into account the results of recent works on comparative anatomy, paleontology, and ontogeny as well as of a recent extensive phylogenetic analysis including not only numerous otophysan and non-otophysan extant otocephalans but also ostariophysan fossils such as Chanoides macropoma, Clupavus maroccanus, Santanichthys diasii, Lusitanichthys characiformis, Sorbininardus apuliensis and Tischlingerichthys viohli. According to the evidence now available, the Weberian apparatus of otophysans seems to be the outcome of a functional integration of features acquired in basal otocephalans and in basal ostariophysans, which were very likely not directly related with the functioning of this apparatus, and of features acquired in the nodes leading to the Otophysi and to the clade including the four extant otophysan orders, which could well have been the result of a selection directly related to the functioning of the apparatus.


El aparato weberiano es esencialmente un dispositivo mecánico que mejora la audición, consiste en una doble cadena de osículos que unen la cámara de aire al oído interno. A pesar de ser uno de los sistemas complejos más notables de peces teleósteos y objeto de varios estudios comparativos, de desarrollo y funcionales, todavía hay mucha controversia sobre el origen, evolución y homologías de las estructuras que forman este aparato. En este trabajo se proporciona una nueva visión sobre estos temas, que tiene en cuenta los resultados de los últimos trabajos sobre la anatomía comparada, paleontología y la ontogenia, así como de un reciente análisis filogenético amplio que incluyen no sólo numerosos otocéfalos Otofisios y no Otofisios existentes, sino también fósiles Ostariofisios como Chanoides macropoma, Clupavus maroccanus, Santanichthys diasii, Lusitanichthys characiformis, Sorbininardus apuliensis y Tischlingerichthys viohli. Según las pruebas disponibles, el aparato weberiano de Otofisios parece ser el resultado de una integración funcional de las características adquiridas en otocéfalos basales y en ostariofisios basales, los cuales muy probablemente no estén directamente relacionados en el funcionamiento de este aparato, y las características adquiridas en los nodos que condujeron a los Otofisios y al clade incluyendo las cuatro órdenes existentes otofisios, que bien podrían haber sido el resultado de una selección directamente relacionada con el funcionamiento del aparato.


Subject(s)
Animals , Fossils , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Fishes/embryology , Fishes/genetics , Air Sacs/anatomy & histology , Air Sacs/embryology , Auditory Pathways/anatomy & histology , Auditory Pathways/embryology , Anatomy, Comparative/methods , Hearing/genetics , Genetic Speciation , Phylogeny
10.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2009. xiv,160 p. ilus, tab, graf, mapas.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-556575

ABSTRACT

Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii (Diptera: Culicidae) é vetor primário de malária humana e simiana no sul e sudeste do Brasil. A distribuição deste mosquito segue a costa da Mata Atlântica. Estudos anteriores têm sugerido que An. cruzii é um complexo de espécies crípticas. Neste estudo, um fragmento do gene timeless, um locus envolvido no controle dos ritmos circadianos, foi utilizados como marcador molecular para avaliar a diferenciação genética entre seis populações de An. Cruzii (Florianópolis, Cananéia, Juquitiba, Itatiaia, Santa Teresa e Itaparica). Os resultados indicaram que An. cruzii de Itaparica constitui um grupo altamente diferenciado comparado com as outras cinco populações do sul e sudeste do Brasil, e diferenças genéticas significativas também foram observadas entre estas últimas. Além disso, a análise multilocus revelou valores extremamente altos de FST e diferenças fixas entre Florianópolis e Itaparica nos seis loci analisados, independente da função. Esta análise também indicou que estas duas populações não trocam migrantes desde sua separação há aproximadamente 2,4 milhões de anos. Um fragmento do gene cpr, um locus envolvido na resistência à inseticida e no olfato em insetos, foi também usado para analisar a divergência entre as cinco populações de An. cruzii do sul e sudeste do Brasil citadas acima. O gene cpr revelou valores extremamente altos de FST e diferenças fixas entre Itatiaia e as outras quatro populações analisadas (Florianópolis, Cananéia, Juquitiba e Santa Teresa). Os dados também sugerem uma evidência preliminar da ocorrência de duas espécies crípticas simpátricas em Itatiaia. Nossos resultados confirmam que este vetor de malária é de fato um complexo de espécies crípticas.


Subject(s)
Anopheles , Culicidae , Genetic Speciation , Malaria/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology
11.
Prensa méd. argent ; 95(9): 559-577, nov. 2008.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-530069

ABSTRACT

La comprensión científica requiere tanto comprobaciones científicas como teorías que puedan explicar esos hechos en una manera coherente. La evolución es, en este contexto, tanto un hecho como una teoría. Es un hecho incontrovertible que los organismos han cambiado, o evolucionado, durante la historia de la vida en la Tierra...La incongruencia que resulta de intentar explicar hechos de una gran complejidad mediante conceptos elaborados para explicar procesos muy simples sólo puede conducir a nuestra disciplina a una gran confusión. Ante esta situación, parece razonaable insistir en la necesidad de elaborar una base teórica sustentada en datos reales (no en hipótesis), que sea capaz de integrar y explicar coherente y cientificamente los fenómenos y los procesos biológicos pasados y, como consecuencia, haga posible una mejor comprensión de los actuales.


Scientific understanding requires both facts and theories that can explain those facts in a coherent manner. Evolution, in this context, is both a fact and a theory. It is an incontrovertible fact that organisms have changed, or evolved, during the history of life on Earth...The incongruity resulting from try to explain facts with a huge complexity by means fo concepts elaborated to explain very simple processes only can lead to our discipline into a big confussion. At this point it seems reasonable to insist in the need of a new theoretical framework, not founded on hypothesis but on real data. A theoretical framework able to coherently integrate, and scientifically explain, the biological processes of the past and therefore, able to provide a better understanding of the present ones.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adaptation, Biological/physiology , Developmental Biology , Food Contamination , Food Microbiology , Genetic Speciation , Recombination, Genetic/genetics , Viruses/growth & development , Zoonoses/transmission
12.
Braz. j. biol ; 68(4,supl): 917-947, Nov. 2008. ilus, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-504448

ABSTRACT

The main hypotheses proposed to explain barrier formation separating populations and causing the differentiation of species in Amazonia during the course of geological history are based on different factors, as follow: (1) Changes in the distribution of land and sea or in the landscape due to tectonic movements or sea level fluctuations (Paleogeography hypothesis), (2) the barrier effect of Amazonian rivers (River hypothesis), (3) a combination of the barrier effect of broad rivers and vegetational changes in northern and southern Amazonia (River-refuge hypothesis), (4) the isolation of humid rainforest blocks near areas of surface relief in the periphery of Amazonia separated by dry forests, savannas and other intermediate vegetation types during dry climatic periods of the Tertiary and Quaternary (Refuge hypothesis), (5) changes in canopy-density due to climatic reversals (Canopy-density hypothesis) (6) the isolation and speciation of animal populations in small montane habitat pockets around Amazonia due to climatic fluctuations without major vegetational changes (Museum hypothesis), (7) competitive species interactions and local species isolations in peripheral regions of Amazonia due to invasion and counterinvasion during cold/warm periods of the Pleistocene (Disturbance-vicariance hypothesis) and (8) parapatric speciation across steep environmental gradients without separation of the respective populations (Gradient hypothesis). Several of these hypotheses probably are relevant to a different degree for the speciation processes in different faunal groups or during different geological periods. The basic paleogeography model refers mainly to faunal differentiation during the Tertiary and in combination with the Refuge hypothesis. Milankovitch‡ cycles leading to global main hypotheses proposed to explain barrier formation separating populations and causing the differentiation of species in Amazonia during the course of geological...


As principais hipóteses propostas para explicar as formações de barreiras separando populações e causando diferenciações de espécies na Amazônia são baseadas em diferentes fatores (a maioria históricos), como os seguintes: 1) Mudanças na distribuição da terra e mar ou na paisagem devido a movimentos tectônicos ou flutuações do nível do mar (hipótese Paleogeográfica); 2) o efeito de barreiras dos rios amazônicos (hipótese de Rios); 3) uma combinação de efeitos de barreiras de rios largos e mudanças vegetacionais no norte e sul da Amazônia (hipótese de Refúgio-rios), 4) o isolamento dos blocos de floresta úmida das áreas de relevo de superfície na periferia da Amazônia separadas por florestas secas, savanas e outros tipos de vegetação intermediária durante os períodos climáticos secos do Terciário e Quaternário (hipótese de Refúgios), 5) mudanças na densidade do dossel devido a mudanças climáticas (hipótese de Densidade do dossel), 6) o isolamento e especiação de populações animais em pequenas áreas montanhosas na Amazônia devido a flutuações climáticas sem maiores mudanças vegetacionais (hipótese de Museu), 7) interações competitivas entre espécies e isolamentos de espécies locais em regiões periféricas da Amazônia devido a invasão e contra-invasão durante períodos frios/quentes do Pleistoceno (hipótese Distúrbio-vicariante), e 8) especiação parapátrica através de acentuados gradientes ambientais sem separação das respectivas populações (hipótese de Gradiente). Muitas dessas hipóteses provavelmente são relevantes para diferentes graus de processos de especiação em diferentes grupos da fauna ou durante diferentes períodos geológicos. O modelo básico de paleogeografia refere-se principalmente a diferenciação faunística durante o terciário e em combinação com a hipótese de Refúgio. Os ciclos de Milankovitch que levam a mudanças climáticas-vegetacionais globais afetaram os biomas do mundo não apenas durante o Pleistoceno mas também durante...


Subject(s)
Animals , Biological Evolution , Environment , Genetic Speciation , Population Dynamics , Birds/classification , Demography , Ecosystem , Geography , Geological Phenomena , Hybridization, Genetic/genetics , Paleontology , Phylogeny , Rivers , South America , Species Specificity
13.
Int. j. morphol ; 26(3): 629-634, Sept. 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-556723

ABSTRACT

El hueso interparietal se considera un hueso intercalar originado de centros independientes de osificación y rodeado por sus propias suturas. Se encontró en fósiles homínidos y humanos tempranos. Se cree que el occipucio sufre transformaciones por mutaciones al iniciarse la evolución humana reforzando esta teoría las variaciones suturales que presenta el occipital. Sería un rasgo genéticamente dominante, propuesta ratificada por estudios experimentales. Se observa con variadas formas según la fusión de los núcleos de osificación, por lo que todos los huesos ubicados en la zona de la escama del occipital no se pueden clasificar como suturales o wormianos y deben considerarse como parte del hueso interparietal. Tratando de confirmar la alta frecuencia obtenida en investigaciones anteriores realizadas en cráneos de individuos originarios del norte de Chile, se analizaron 83 cráneos de atacamenos prehispánicos de ambos sexos, seleccionados al azar entre 293 individuos exhumados del cementerio Coyo-Oriente, datados entre 300-1200 D.C período post-Tiwanaku y que forman parte del Museo R.P. Gustavo Le Paige en San Pedro de Atacama, dependiente del Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas de la Universidad Católica del Norte, que fueron fotografiados en todas sus normas anatómicas y que se midieron paras obtener el índice craneal o cefálico. El hueso interparietal está presente en 23 de 83 cráneos, con una frecuencia de 27,71 por ciento, sin diferencias estadísticas significativas al 95 por ciento con investigaciones realizadas en cráneos de origen étnico similar y en otras etnias que presentan alta frecuencia de hueso interparietal. Por el contrario, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al 95 por ciento con frecuencias determinadas en cráneos europeos caucásicos y euroasiáticos. Los autores integraron las tablas clasificatorias de Kadanoff y Hanihara-Ishida, para obtener una tabla modificada que permitiera clasificar ...


The interparietal bone is considered an intercalary bone originated by independent ossification centers and surrounded by its own sutures. It is found in early hominids and human fossils. It is believed that the occipital bone undergoes transformations by mutations at the beginning of human evolution. Reinforcing this theory are the suture variations that presents the occipital bone. It would be a dominant genetic characteristic, proposal ratified by experimental studies. It is observed with varied forms according to the fusion of the ossification nuclei; reason why all the bones located in the zone of the occipital flake cannot be classified as sutures or wormians and must be considered part of the interparietal bone. Trying to confirm the high frequency obtained in previous investigations realized in skulls of original individuals of the north of Chile, we analyzed 83 skulls of pre-Hispanic atácamenos (lican antai) of both sexes, selected at random between 293 individuals of the Coyo-Orient cementery, dated between 300-1200 A.C, post-Tiwanaku period and these remains are part of R.P Gustavo Le Paige's Museum in San Pedro de Atacama, which is part of the Institute of Archaeological Investigations of the North Catholic University. The remains were photographed in all anatomical norms and that were measured to obtain the cranial or cephalic Index. The interparietal bone is present in 23 of 83 skulls, with a frequency of 27.71 percent, without significant statistical differences to 95 percent with investigations realized in skulls of similar ethnic origin and other ethnic groups who present high frequency of interparietal bone. On the contrary, statistically significant differences to 95 percent were found with frequencies determined in caucasian and euroasiatics european skulls. The authors integrated the classificatory tables of Kadanoff and Hanihara-Ishida, to obtain a modified table that allowed to classify all the found variations ...


Subject(s)
History, Medieval , Ethnicity/classification , Ethnicity/genetics , Occipital Bone/anatomy & histology , Occipital Bone/embryology , Parietal Bone/anatomy & histology , Parietal Bone/embryology , Archaeology/statistics & numerical data , Archaeology/methods , Cephalometry/statistics & numerical data , Cephalometry/methods , Chile/ethnology , Skull/anatomy & histology , Skull/embryology , Genetic Speciation
14.
NOVA publ. cient ; 6(9): 65-75, ene.-jun. 2008. graf, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-613040

ABSTRACT

Invenciones verdaderamente revolucionarias han promovido el cambio de pensamiento y la manera de trabajar en el ámbito del laboratorio. Una de estas invenciones es la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, la cual ha aportado de manera significativa al conocimiento científico. Las diferentes metodologías que aplican la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa han permitido a los investigadores manipular la información genética de los organismos, facilitando procedimientos como la clonación y la secuenciación, entre otros, lo cual agilizó significativamente los resultados del Proyecto Genoma Humano. Existe diversidad de variantes de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional. Este escrito tiene por objetivo presentar una revisión sobre el tema, especialmente sobre la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real, debido a las ventajas que ofrece.


Subject(s)
Genetic Speciation , Genetic Structures , Polymerase Chain Reaction
15.
J Genet ; 2007 Aug; 86(2): 125-37
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-114437

ABSTRACT

We studied nucleotide sequence variation at the gene coding for dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) in seven populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Strength and pattern of linkage disequilibrium are somewhat distinct in the extensively sampled Spanish and Raleigh populations. In the Spanish population, a few sites are in strong positive association, whereas a large number of sites in the Raleigh population are associated nonrandomly but the association is not strong. Linkage disequilibrium analysis shows presence of two groups of haplotypes in the populations, each of which is fairly diverged, suggesting epistasis or inversion polymorphism. There is evidence of two forms of natural selection acting on Ddc. The McDonald-Kreitman test indicates a deficit of fixed amino acid differences between D. melanogaster and D. simulans, which may be due to negative selection. An excess of derived alleles at high frequency, significant according to the H-test, is consistent with the effect of hitchhiking. The hitchhiking may have been caused by directional selection downstream of the locus studied, as suggested by a gradual decrease of the polymorphism-to-divergence ratio. Altogether, the Ddc locus exhibits a complicated pattern of variation apparently due to several evolutionary forces. Such a complex pattern may be a result of an unusually high density of functionally important genes.


Subject(s)
Alleles , Animals , Base Sequence , Dopa Decarboxylase/genetics , Drosophila melanogaster/genetics , Evolution, Molecular , Genetic Speciation , Genetics, Population , Geography , Linkage Disequilibrium , Molecular Sequence Data , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
18.
In. Lima Gómez, Otto; López, José Enrique. Colección Razetti. Caracas, Editorial Ateproca, mar. 2006. p.203-210.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-589762

ABSTRACT

Hasta 1802, fecha de la aparición del trabajo de Lamarck, su "Recherches sur I' organization des etres vivants" y luego, en 1809, de su "Philosophie zoologique", su obra más comúnmente conocida y citada, el estudio de los seres vivos se limitaba a la observación y clasificación jerárquica del orden establecido por la naturaleza. Las especies eran consiederadas inmutables. Lamarck fue quien primero habó de una evolución de las especies a través de la transmisión de los caracteres adquiridos. Para él existiria en los seres vivos una tendencia natural a mejorar. Sus necesidades propiciarían cambios corporales y estos se heredaban. Darwin publica su obra fundamental "El origen de las especies por vía de la selección natural" en 1859 y en ella planteó que son las condiciones del medio ambiente las que permiten la supervivencia de los más adaptados. La evolución de las especies biológicas constituyen hoy una evidencia científica con un margen de certidumbre similar a la estructura molecular de la materia. Es así que la teoría de la evolución es aceptada por todos los biólogos como la más racional para explicar la variabilidad del mundo viviente.


Subject(s)
Genetic Speciation , History of Medicine , Academies and Institutes , Famous Persons
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